Artwork BNF for the Normalized Form

***Note to Readers:

The following information is formated for display. The indentations and format are not as clear as a printed version. The postscript version is available.

Artwork BNF

I wrote the following Bacus Naur Form (BNF) for the Artwork constructs and data structures on May 26, 1995. If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to let me know.
Thanks,
Rob Sinclair
(rsinclai@crl.nmsu.edu)

If you are specifically interested in the structure of our normalized when frame, search for the following text: "<"when Normalized">"

I have used the following BNF conventions:

Non-terminals are enclosed in angle brackets (surrounded by double quotes, "<" and ">", to make this file compatable with html format) and therefore require further specification.
Choices are separated by a single vertical bar, |.
To indicate that an element can be repeated zero or one times, it is enclosed in parentheses and followed by a single caret, ^. This can also be interpreted to mean the element is optional.
To indicate that an element can be repeated zero or more times, it is enclosed in parentheses and followed by a single asterisk, *.
To indicate that an element can be repeated one or more times, it is enclosed in parentheses and followed by a single plus, +. Therefore, an alphanumeric string can be defined as a sequence of one or more letters and/or digits with:
"<"alphanumeric">" ::= ("<"letter">"|"<"digit">")+
Element sequences are abbreviated by separating the first and last elements of the sequence by two periods. So, all digits, 0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9, can be written more concisely as 0..9
Spaces are significant in the following definitions unless they are being used to separate elements being logically or-ed. The only exception to this rule is the definition for "<"character">". In the definition of "<"character">", all spaces are significant.
For example, the spaces are significant between "<"first">" and "<"last">" in a person's name:
"<"person's Name">" ::= "<"first">" "<"last">"
but are not significant between the possible seasons in:
"<"season">" ::= spring | summer | fall | winter
Although all terminals shown below could consist of uppercase letters, I have only included the lowercase version in the interest of readability.

Due to the large number of definitions in this BNF, I have organized them in alphabetical order. The only definitions not included in this alphabetical listing are those that are only true for a particular discourse. Three examples are "<"ilt">", * and _. Since they are dependent upon a particular discourse, their definitions can be found under the heading for a particular discourse.

"<"adverb">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= actually | after_all | again | agreeably | already | also | always | babble | barely | completely | definitely | further | surely | generally | if_possible | just | only | off_the_top_of_head | perhaps | really | still | unfortunately

"<"adverb List">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= ["<"adverb">"] |
[qzmultipleqz, ("<"adverb">""<"spaces">")+]
"<"alt ILT">"
::= #| ("<"nl">")* "<"ilt">" ("<"nl">")* |#
"<"alphanumeric">"
::= ("<"letter">"|"<"digit">")+
"<"alt Speech Acts">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= ["<"speech Act">"] |
[qzmultipleqz, ("<"speech Act">""<"spaces">")+]
"<"am Pm">"
::= am | pm
"<"aspect">"
::= progressive | perfect
"<"attitude">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= qzpossible | qzshould | qzneeded | qzdesired | qzimpossible | qzshould_not | qzunneeded | qzundesired | qzhow_about | qzlet_s
"<"augmented ILT">" ### See Note 1 ###
::= [[speech_act, "<"speech Act">"],
[a_speech_act, "<"alt Speech Acts">"],
[sentence_type, "<"sentence Type">"],
[certaintyFactor, "<"real Number">"],
("<"top Level Frame">",)^
([conjunction, "<"conjunctions">"],)^
([adverb, "<"adverb List">"],)^
([style, "<"style">"],)^
([speaker_attitude, "<"speaker Attitude">"],)^
([next_utterance, "<"augmented ILT">"],)^
]
"<"character">"
::= "<"letter">"|"<"digit">"|.|?|!|,|;|:|'|"|@|#|$|||%|^| &|*|[|]|/|\| |"<"|">"|(|)|{|}
"<"clarify">" ### See Notes 2 & 4 ###
::= [[frame, qzclarify]
[attitude, "<"attitude">"]
[tense, "<"tense">"]
[aspect, "<"aspect">"]
[negative, "<"pos-neg">"]
[topic, "<"frame">"]
[whose, "<"who">"]
[clarified, "<"frame">"]]

"<"comment">"
::= ;;("<"character">")^
"<"conjunction">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= and | because | but | for_example | if | or | so | then | therefore | unless | that_is_to_say
"<"conjunction List">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= ["<"conjunction">"] |
[qzmultipleqz, ("<"conjunction">""<"spaces">")+]
"<"connective">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= and | or | eor | _ | between
"<"connective List">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= ["<"connective">"] |
[qzmultipleqz, ("<"connective">""<"spaces">")+]

"<"dashed Line">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= (_)+
"<"day of Week">"
::= sunday | monday | tuesday | wednesday | thursday | friday | saturday
"<"day of Week List">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= ["<"day of Week">"] |
[qzmultipleqz, ("<"day of Week">""<"spaces">")+]
"<"dow Value">"
::= 1..31
"<"dow Value List">"
::= ["<"dow Value">"] |
[qzmultipleqz, ("<"dow Value">""<"spaces">")+]
"<"digit">"
::= 0..9
"<"duration">"
::= "<"integer">" | epsilon | undetermined
"<"english Comment">"
::= ;; english sentence:
"<"english Utter">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= ["<"phrase">"]
"<"english Utter List">"
::= "<"word List">"
"<"event Time">" ### See Notes 1 & 4 ###
::= [[frame, qzevent_time]
[event, "<"predicate">"]]
"<"fixed Expression">" ### See Note 2 ###
::= "<"address">" | "<"apologize">" | "<"greet">" | "<"respond">" | "<"interject">" | "<"thank">"
"<"fragment">" ### See Note 2 ###
::= "<"when">" | "<"how Long">" | "<"who">" | "<"where">" | "<"why">" | "<"negative">"
"<"frame">" ### See Note 2 ###
::= "<"predicate">" | "<"when">" | "<"how Long">" | "<"where">" | "<"who">" | "<"what">"
"<"generic-specific">"
::= generic | specific
"<"hour">"
::= 0..23
"<"hour List">"
::= ["<"hour">"] |
[qzmultipleqz, ("<"hour">""<"spaces">")+]
"<"how Long">"
::= "<"length">" | "<"length List">"
"<"incl-excl">"
::= inclusive | exclusive
"<"indexical">"
::= now | today | tomorrow | date | time | then | that | there | here | later | when | what
"<"integer">"
::= ("<"digit">")+
"<"interval">" ### See Notes 1 & 4 ###
::= [[frame, qzinterval]
[incl_excl, "<"incl-excl">"]
[start, "<"when">"]
[end, "<"when">"]
[specifier, "<"specifier List">"]]
"<"length">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= [[frame, qzlength]
[specifier, "<"specifier List">"]
[quantity, "<"quantity">"]
[unit, "<"unit">"]]
"<"length List">" ## See Note 4 ###
::= [[frame, qzlength_list]
[connective, "<"connective List">"]
[items, "<"length">"]]
"<"letter">"
::= a..z | A..Z
"<"minute">"
::= 1..59
"<"minute List">"
::= ["<"minute">"] |
[qzmultipleqz, ("<"minute">""<"spaces">")+]
"<"modifier">" ### See Note 2 ###
::= "<"predicate">" | "<"when">" | "<"what">"
"<"name">"
::= "<"indexical">" | "<"special Name">" | "<"unit">"
"<"nl">"
::= \n
"<"number Parses Comment">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= ;; number_of_parses: "<"integer">"
"<"origin">"
::= clarified | null | topic | when
"<"phrase">"
::= ("<"word">""<"spaces">")+
"<"pos in Utter">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= "<"integer">"
"<"pos-neg">"
::= + | _
"<"predicate">" ### See Note 2 ###
::= "<"abandon">" | "<"agree">" | "<"arrive">" | "<"avoid">" | "<"bad">" | "<"booked">" | "<"busy">" | "<"call">" | "<"check">" | "<"choose">" | "<"clarify">" | "<"how">" | "<"considering">" | "<"desired">" | "<"discuss">" | "<"eat">" | "<"end">" | "<"free">" | "<"good">" | "<"inform">" | "<"know">" | "<"leave">" | "<"let">" | "<"meet">" | "<"needed">" | "<"opposite">" | "<"return">" | "<"out-of-town">" | "<"same">" | "<"schedule">" | "<"send">" | "<"settled">" | "<"start">" | "<"suggest">" | "<"wait">" | "<"undesired">"
"<"quantity">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= "<"integer">" | "<"quantity Word">" | short | long | how_long
"<"quantity Word">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= many | few | a_few | couple | how_many
"<"real Number">"
::= "<"digit">".("<"digit">")+E"<"sign">""<"digit">""<"digit">"
"<"relative Time">" ### See Notes 1 & 4 ###
::= [[frame, qzrelative_time]
[origin, "<"when">"]
[length, "<"integer">"]
[direction, "<"pos-neg">"]]

"<"sentence Type">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= qzdirective | qzfixed_expression | qzfragment | qznames | qzquery_if | qzquery_ref | qzstate
"<"separator Comment">"
::= ;;"<"spaces">""<"dashed Line">"
"<"simple Time">" ### See Notes 1 & 4 ###
::= [[frame, qzsimple_time]
[minute, "<"integer">"]
[hour, "<"integer">"]
[day, "<"integer">"]
[month, "<"integer">"]
[day_of_week, "<"day of Week List">"]
[time_of_day, "<"time of Day">"]
[am_pm, "<"am Pm">"]
[modifier, "<"modifier">"]
[specifier, "<"specifier List">"]]
"<"sign">"
::= + | - "<"skipped Word List">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= nil | [(["<"word">" "<"pos in Utter">"])+"<"spaces">"]
"<"spaces">"
::= ( )*
"<"spanish Utter">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= ["<"phrase">"]
"<"spanish Utter List">"
::= "<"word List">"
"<"speaker">"
::= s1 | s2
"<"speaker Attitude">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= qzwondered | qzdoubted
"<"special Name">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= independence_day | thanksgiving | thanksgiving_day | labor_day
"<"special Time">" ### See Notes 1 & 4 ###
::= [[frame, qzspecial_time]
[specifier, "<"specifier List">"]
[modifier, "<"modifier">"]
[name, "<"name">"]
[of, "<"when">"]]
"<"specifier">"### See Notes 4 ###
::= all_member | all_range | also | another | any | anytime | approximate | at_least | behind | both_of | concrete | couple | definite | early | either_of | even | exact | except | few | first | following | fourth | in_front_of | indefinite | last | late | less_than | long | middle | more_than | most_member | most_range | necessary | negative | next | only | other | particular | perhaps | plural | preceding | same | second | second_last | short | some | sometime | that | the_end_of | the_rest_of | third | this | what | which | "<"integer">"
"<"specifier List">"
::= ["<"specifier">"] |
[qzmultipleqz, ("<"specifier">""<"spaces">")+]
"<"speech Act">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= qz??? | qzaccept | qzacknowledge | qzaddress | qzaffirm | qzclosing | qzconfirm | qzconfirm_time | qzjoke | qznegate | qzopening | qzreject | qzrequest_response | qzsuggest | qzstate_constraint | qzrequest_suggestion | qzrequest_clarification | qzconfirm_appointment
"<"status">"
::= determined | null | part_determined | same | undetermined
"<"style">"
::= polite | blunt
"<"tag">"
::= open | accepted
"<"tense">"
::= past
"<"time Adverb">"
::= after | at | before | from | null | til | to | until
"<"time List">" ### See Notes 1 & 4 ###
::= [[frame, qztime_list]
[specifier, "<"specifier List">"]
[connective, "<"connective List">"]
[items, "<"when List">"]]
"<"time of Day">"
::= afternoon | evening | mid_afternoon | mid_morning | midnight | morning | night | noon | null
"<"time of Day List">"
::= ["<"time of Day">"] |
[qzmultipleqz, ("<"time of Day">""<"spaces">")+]
"<"top Level Frame">"
::= "<"fixed Expression">" | "<"predicate">" | "<"fragment">"
"<"turn ID Comment">"
::= ;; part of turn: "<"turn Name">"
"<"turn Name">"
::= ("<"character">")+
"<"turn Number">"
::= "<"integer">"
"<"turn Number Comment">"
::= ;; "<"turn Number">"
"<"unit">" ### See Notes 3 & 4 ###
::= minute | hour | day | week | month | year | decade | century | lunch_time | working_day | weekend | weekday | early | late | sometime | anytime
"<"utter Number">"
::= "<"integer">"
"<"when">"
::= "<"simple Time">" | "<"special Time">" | "<"relative Time">" | "<"interval">" | "<"event Time">" | "<"time List">"
"<"when List">" ### See Note 4 ###
::= ["<"when">"] |
[qzmultipleqz, ("<"when">","<"spaces">")+]
"<"when Normalized">"
::= [when,
[connective, "<"connective List">"],
[gen_spec, "<"generic-specific">"],
[duration, "<"duration">"],
[name, "<"name">"],
[interval,
[specifier, "<"specifier List">"],
[start,
[sday_status, ["<"status">", "<"origin">"],
[sday_week, "<"day of Week List">"],
[sday, "<"dow Value List">"],
[stime_day, "<"time of Day List">"],
[sam_pm, "<"am Pm">"]],
[smonth, ["<"status">", "<"origin">"]],
[shour_status, ["<"status">", "<"origin">"],
[stime_adv, "<"time Adverb">"],
[shour, "<"hour List">"],
[smin, "<"minute List">"]]],
[end,
[eday_status, ["<"status">", "<"origin">"],
[eday_week, "<"day of Week List">"],
[eday, "<"dow Value List">"],
[etime_day, "<"time of Day List">"],
[eam_pm, "<"am Pm">"]],
[emonth, ["<"status">", "<"origin">"]],
[ehour_status, ["<"status">", "<"origin">"],
[etime_adv, "<"time Adverb">"],
[ehour, "<"hour List">"],
[emin, "<"minute List">"]]]],
[modifiers, ["<"when List">"]]]

"<"word">"
::= ("<"letter">")+
"<"word List">"
::= [("<"word">"(,)^"<"spaces">")*]
"<"words Skipped Comment">"
::= ;; words skipped: "<"skipped Word List">"

Definitions of 'high-level' data structures.

Type_1.Discourse:
"<"ilt">" ### See Note 1 ###
::= (((counter "<"integer">"))^
(speech-act "<"speech Act">")
(a-speech-act "<"alt Speech Acts">")
(sentence-type "<"sentence Type">")
("<"top Level Frame">")^
((conjunction "<"conjunction List">"))^
((adverb "<"adverb List">"))^
((style "<"style">"))^
((speaker-attitude "<"speaker Attitude">"))^
((next-utterance "<"ilt">"))^
)
"<"ilt Entry">"
::= nil | "<"ilt">" | (*ilt* *unknown*)
"<"sentence Comment">"
::= ;; sentence to parse: "<"spanish Utter">"
"<"type_1.discourse">"
::= "<"separator Comment">""<"nl">"
"<"turn ID Comment">""<"nl">"
"<"turn Number Comment">""<"nl">""<"nl">"
"<"utterance">""<"nl">""<"nl">"
"<"sentence Comment">""<"nl">"
"<"english Comment">""<"nl">""<"nl">"
"<"english Utter">""<"nl">""<"nl">"
"<"words Skipped Comment">""<"nl">"
"<"number Parses Comment">""<"nl">""<"nl">"
("<"comment">""<"nl">")^
"<"ilt Entry">""<"nl">"
("<"alt ILT">""<"nl">")^

"<"utterance">"
::= ("<"utter Number">" "<"speaker">" "<"spanish Utter">")

Type_2.Discourse:
"<"ilt">" ### See Note 1 ###
::= ((speech_act "<"speech Act">")
(a_speech_act "<"alt Speech Acts">")
(sentence_type "<"sentence Type">")
("<"top Level Frame">")^
((conjunction "<"conjunction List">"))^
((adverb "<"adverb List">"))^
((style "<"style">"))^
((speaker_attitude "<"speaker Attitude">"))^
((next_utterance "<"ilt">"))^
)
"<"ilt Entry">"
::= nil | "<"ilt">" | (qziltqz qzunknownqz)
"<"sentence Comment">"
::= ;; sentence to parse: "<"spanish Utter">"
"<"type_2.discourse">"
::= "<"separator Comment">""<"nl">"
"<"turn ID Comment">""<"nl">"
"<"turn Number Comment">""<"nl">""<"nl">"
"<"utterance">""<"nl">""<"nl">"
"<"sentence Comment">""<"nl">"
"<"english Comment">""<"nl">""<"nl">"
"<"english Utter">""<"nl">""<"nl">"
"<"words Skipped Comment">""<"nl">"
"<"number Parses Comment">""<"nl">""<"nl">"
("<"comment">""<"nl">")^
"<"ilt Entry">""<"nl">"
("<"alt ILT">""<"nl">")^

"<"utterance">"
::= ("<"utter Number">" "<"speaker">" "<"spanish Utter">")

Type_3.Discourse:
The following definitions for "<"ilt">", "<"ilt Entry">", and "<"utterance">" apply to Type_3, Type_4, and Type_5 discourses:
"<"ilt">" ### See Note 1 ###
::= [[a_speech_act, "<"alt Speech Act">"]
[sentence_type, "<"sentence Type">"]
("<"top Level Frame">")^
([conjunction, "<"conjunction List">"])^
([adverb, "<"adverb List">"])^
([style, "<"style">"])^
([speaker_attitude, "<"speaker Attitude">"])^
([next_utterance, "<"ilt Entry">"])^
]
"<"ilt Entry">"
::= nil | "<"ilt">" | [qziltqz qzunknownqz]
"<"type_3.discourse">"
::= [("<"utterance">", "<"english Utter List">", "<"ilt">"(,)^)*]
"<"utterance">"
::= ["<"utter Number">", "<"speaker">", "<"spanish Utter">"]

Type_4.Discourse:
This discourse is identical, in form, to a Type_3.Discourse. The only difference is that the "<"when">" frames contained in the previous Type_3.Discourse have been normalized. So, a Type_4.Discourse contains "<"when Normalized">" frames in place of the original "<"when">" frames.

Type_5.Discourse:
"<"type_5.discourse">"
::= "<"focus List">"

Focus List:
"<"focus List">"
::= [("<"discourse Entity">"(,)^)*]
"<"discourse Entity">"
::= de(utter("<"utterance">"),
ailt("<"augmented ILT">"),
tag("<"tag">"))

Tag_Information:

"<"tag_information">"
::= [(["<"utter Number">","<"tag">"](,)^"<"spaces">")*]

Notes
- Note 1. These entries may appear in any order.
- Note 2. This definition contains some non-terminals that are typed in uppercase letters. These non-terminals have not been defined in this BNF. For their definition, refer to CMU's document entitled 'ilt_specCurrent'.
- Note 3. 'early', 'late', 'sometime', and 'anytime' are always interpreted as "<"specifier">"s except when they are used as independent time expressions. In this case they are recognized as "<"unit">"s.
- Note 4. For Type_1.Discourse, make the following substitutions:
  - a. Replace 'qz' with '*'
  - b. Replace '_' with '-'
  - c. Replace '[' and ']' with '(' and ')', respectively.
  - d. Lowercase letters may be uppercase
  - e. Remove commas.
  For Type_2.Discourse, make the following substitutions:
  - a. Replace '[' and ']' with '(' and ')', respectively.
  - b. Remove commas.
Converted to html format by Karen L Payne
June/July 1996
e-mail address, kapayne@crl.nmsu.edu

Artwork BNF for the Normalized Form

***Note to Readers:

Artwork BNF

Definitions of 'high-level' data structures.

Type_1.Discourse:

Type_2.Discourse:

Type_3.Discourse:

Type_4.Discourse:

Type_5.Discourse:

Focus List:

Tag_Information:

Notes