MIKROKOSMOS

Keyword in Context

Examples from Japanese and English for "tie-up" and "joint venture"

We ran JKWIC on the Japanese word teikei (tie-up) on a large segment of the JJV development corpus and came up with over 2100 examples. We also ran it on a smaller segment of the EJV corpus, for the words "joint venture" and "tie-up". Based on the patterns observed, we feel it might be more appropriate to represent tie-up as an object concept rather than an event concept. Then the various types of tie-ups (see examples below) can be properties of the tie-up. An event in which a tie-up is formed could then be represented as follows:


%create_1
   agent     %company_1
   theme     %tie-up_1
   purpose   %sell_1...

1. Examples with Japanese teikei

In Japanese, teikei can be used as a noun, in which case it may be followed by a particle and then a verb, or it may modify a following noun. Or, teikei can be made into a verb, by adding "suru", which means "do" or "make". "Suru" can be added to compound nouns of Chinese origin (typically) to make them into verbs. The TMRs in both cases should be basically the same. When the verb is "teikei suru" we will use the suggested "create tie-up" in the TMR. If teikei is used as a noun, then the EVENT type instantiated will depend on what verb teikei is an argument to. Here are some examples of typical verbs that take teikei as an argument in the JJV corpus. We will need to decide how many concepts we actually need in the ontology to cover the range of verbs here. Many could possibly map to the same concept.

1.1. Teikei as a Nominal Argument to a Verb

1.1.1. teikei wo V

a. teikei wo suru / teikei-suru - create a tie-up
b. teikei wo okonau - conduct a tie-up
c. teikei wo musubu - conclude a tie-up
d. teikei wo kyouka-suru - strengthen a tie-up
e. teikei wo susumeru - promote a tie-up
f. teikei wo mezasu - aim for a tie-up
g. teikei wo ryoushou-suru - acknowledge a tie-up
h. teikei wo hajimeru - start a tie-up
i. teikei wo happyou-suru - announce a tie-up
j. teikei wo jitsugen-suru - effect a tie-up
k. teikei wo jisshi-suru - implement a tie-up
l. teikei wo kaishou-suru - dissolve a tie-up
m. teikei wo staato-suru - start a tie-up
n. teikei wo koushou-suru - negotiate a tie-pu
o. teikei wo moshiireru - apply for a tie-up
p. teikei wo kakudai-suru - expand a tie-up
q. teikei wo kimeru - decide on a tie-up
r. teikei wo dashin-suru - inquire about a tie-up
s. teikei wo chuukai-suru - mediate a tie-up
t. teikei wo hatarakikakeru - put pressure on X regarding a tie-up
u. teikei wo keiyaku-suru - make a contract for a tie-up
v. teikei wo kentou-suru - consider a tie-up
w. teikei wo keikaku-suru - plan a tie-up
x. teikei wo motomreu - seek a tie-up
y. teikei wo fukumeru - strengthen a tie-up
z. teikei wo sekkyoukka-suru - beef up a tie-up
aa. teikei wo hirogeru - broaden a tie-up

1.1.2. teikei de V

a. teikei de goui-suru - agree on a tie-up
b. teikei de norikiru - weather a tie-up (overcome difficulties)
c. teikei de taiou-suru - deal (with X) by means of a tie-up
d. teikei de kokufuku-suru - overcome (problems) by means of a tie-up

1.1.3. teikei ni V

a. teikei ni fumikiru - venture into a tie-up
b. teikei ni goui-suru - agree on a tie-up
c. teikei ni chouin-suru - sign a tie-up
e. teikei ni hashiridasu - launch into a tie-up
f. teikei ni tsuzuku - continue a tie-up
g. teikei ni hatten-suru - develop into a tie-up
h. teikei ni susumu - evolve into a tie-up
i. teikei ni ugoku - move towards a tie-up
j. teikei ni oojiru - comply with a tie-up
k. teikei ni naru - become a tie-up
l. teikei ni noridasu - embark on a tie-up
m. teikei ni kirikaeru - convert something into a tie-up
n. teikei ni fumidasu - venture into a tie-up

1.1.4. teikei ga V (where there is no agent; teikei becomes the subject; compare: "X broke the window" vs. "the window broke")

a. teikei ga staato-suru - a tie-up starts
b. teikei ga happyou-sareru - a tie-up is announced
c. teikei ga jitsugen-suru - a tie-up is realized
d. teikei ga seiritsu-suru - a tie-up is established
e. teikei ga aitsugu - tie-ups follow in succession
f. teikei ga hirogaru - a tie-up expands
g. teikei ga kimaru - a tie-up is decided on
h. teikei ga kappatsuka-suru - a tie-up is activated
i. teikei ga susumu - a tie-up proceeds

1.2. Patterns with teikei used as a Noun or Verb

1.2.1. N (or NN) + teikei(-suru)

These examples describe particular types of tie-ups. The noun or noun-phrase modifier of teikei occurs without any intervening adjectival forms. In some cases the Japanese noun modifying teikei is translated as an adjective. If tie-up is treated as an object concept, then these noun modifiers would fill the TYPE slot.

a. gyoumu teikei - business tie-up (most frequent type)
b. oogata gyoumu teikei - large-scale business tie-up
c. shihon teikei - capital tie-up
d. shihon sanka teikei - capital participation tie-up
e. gijutsu teikei - technology tie-up
f. sougo gijutsu teikei - mutual technology tie-up
g. seisan gijutsu teikei - production/technology tie-up
h. seisan teikei - production tie-up
i. hanbai teikei - sales tie-up
j. kigyou teikei - corporate tie-up
(kigyou = corporate/industrial/commercial/business/enterprise)
k. kigyou guruupu teikei - corporate group tie-up
l. henshuu teikei - editorial tie-up
m. shinbun teikei - newspaper tie-up
n. kouryuu teikei - exchange tie-up
o. kaado teikei - (credit) card tie-up
p. onrain teikei - on-line tie-up
q. CD onrain teikei - CD on-line tie-up
r. kyouryoku teikei - cooperation tie-up
s. fukugou teikei - composite tie-up*
t. oogata teikei - large-scale tie-up*
u. zenmen teikei - comprehensive tie-up*
v. seishiki teikei - formal tie-up
w. yuukou toshi teikei - friendship-city tie-up
x. shimai teikei - sister tie-up
y. shimai toshi teikei - sister-city tie-up
z. shusshi ya yuushi, kigyou teikei - investment, finance, and corporate tie-up

*These relate to examples in section 1.3.5. below.

1.2.2. N + Particle + teikei(-suru)

1.2.2.1. N + de + teikei(-suru)

In this structure, "de" means "in the area of/concerning", and roughly equates to pattern 1.2.1 above. Alternately, the N + "de" could be treated as the SCOPE of the tie-up (especially, given pattern 1.2.2.2 below, which combines patterns 1.2.1 and 1.2.2.1).

a. kaado gyoumu de teikei - tie-up concerning (credit) card business; (credit) card business tie-up
b. interijento biru jigyou de teikei - 'intelligent building' operations tie-up
c. eigyou men de teikei - business-operations tie-up
d. kaihatsu, hanbai de teikei - development and sales tie-up
e. ATM riyou de teikei - tie-up concerning ATM usage
f. ryokou gyoumu de teikei - travel business tie-up
g. gijutsu kaihatsu de teikei - technology development tie-up

1.2.2.2. N + de + gyoumu teikei(-suru)

Sometimes a "gyoumu teikei" (business tie-up) also has a N + de modifier. In this case, should we use both a TYPE (gyoumu) and SCOPE slot?

a. seisan de gyoumu teikei - business tie-up for production
b. hanbai de gyoumu teikei - business tie-up concerning sales
c. chiiki kaihatsu bunya de gyoumu teikei - business tie-up in the area of regional development
d. hakkou men de gyoumu teikei - business tie-up in the area of publishing

1.2.2.3. N + nitsuite + teikei(-suru)

This pattern is like that of 1.3.2 below. Here, teikei is used as a verb, rather than a noun, so the particle "no" is dropped after "nitsuite". However, the TMRs should be similar. In the former case, teikei will be the THEME of whatever event concept is instantiated. In the latter case, where teikei is a verb, we will represent this in the TMR as "create tie-up" with "tie-up" as the THEME of "create". The modifiers before "nitsuite" would fill the SCOPE slot here, as in 1.3.2 below.

a. seizou, hanbai nitsuite teikei - tie-up for manufacturing and sales
b. ATM no riyou nitsuite teikei - tie-up concerning ATM usage (see 1.2.2.1, ex. e, above)
c. bangumi kouryuu nitsuite teikei - tie-up concerning program exchanges
d. saabisu nitsuite teikei - tie-up for services
e. seisan gijutsu kyouyo nitsuite teikei - tie-up to provide production technology
f. gyoumu zenpan nitsuite teikei - tie-up encompassing all areas of business

1.3. Patterns with teikei used as a Noun

1.3.1. N + no + teikei

In this pattern the N before "no" may identify a property of a tie-up (as in the previous examples) or a partner of a tie-up (which could also be a property if we choose).

a. IBM no teikei - IBM's tie-up
b. ryousha no teikei - both companies' tie-up
c. hanbai-jou no teikei - tie-up for sales
d. KDD, ATT no teikei - KDD and ATT's tie-up
e. kaado gyoumu no teikei - tie-up for (credit) card business
f. zousen bumon no teikei - tie-up concerning shipbuilding
g. gijutsu kyouyo no teikei - tie-up to provide technology
h. purintaa bunya no teikei - tie-up in the field of printers

1.3.2. N + nitsuite no + teikei

This pattern is essentially the same as 1.2.2.3, and would fill the SCOPE slot.

a. ryokou shouhin nitsuite no teikei - tie-up concerning tour packages

1.3.3. N + de no + teikei

This pattern also identifies properties of a tie-up, such as SCOPE or LOCATION.

a. nihon de no teikei - tie-up in Japan
b. yonbunya de no teikei - tie-up in four areas
c. eigyou ya jinzai-men de no teikei - tie-up in the areas of operations and personnel resources
d. shintaku gyoumu de no teikei - tie-up in the area of (financial) trust business
e. seisan, hanbai-men de no teikei - tie-up for production and sales

1.3.4. N + to no + teikei

This pattern identifies a tie-up's partners.

a. hougin to no teikei - tie-up with Japanese banks
b. shouken to no teikei - tie-up with securities (companies)
c. nihon sansha to no teikei - tie-up with three Japanese companies
d. mitsbishi shouji to no teikei - tie-up with Mitsubishi Corp.
e. shintaku ginkou to no teikei - tie-up with trust banks

1.3.5. Adjective + (na) + teikei

These types of modifiers do not seem to be either a TYPE or SCOPE. They seem to define a different aspect of the tie-up. Perhaps they relate most closely to SCALE. There is either a time dimension or a breadth dimension.

a. gutaiteki na teikei - definite/actual tie-up
b. choukiteki na teikei - long-term tie-up
c. sougouteki (na) teikei - comprehensive tie-up
d. zenmenteki na teikei - comprehensive tie-up (see 1.2.1, ex. u)
e. honkakuteki na teikei - full-scale (comprehensive?) tie-up
f. kouhan(i) na teikei - broad (comprehensive?) tie-up
g. takakuteki teikei - multi-faceted/diversified tie-up
h. houkatsuteki na teikei - comprehensive tie-up

Analysis by: Lynn Carlson (lcarls@afterlife.ncsc.mil) and Elizabeth Cooper (elcoope@afterlife.ncsc.mil)